Facing Iran's Threats Of Closure The Strait Of Hormuz In The Light Of Principles Under International Law
مواجهة التهديدات الإيرانية بإغلاق مضيق هرمز في ضوء أحكام القانون الدولي
Keywords:
Iran, Threats, Strait, Hormuz, Law
Abstract
This research aims to study the application of the principles of international law relating to Iran's threat to the closure/blockage of the Strait of Hormuz through using the descriptive and analytical method. This research will highlight the importance of the Strait of Hormuz for international navigation, especially after the discovery of oil in the Persian Gulf. Respecting freedom of navigation in the strait is provided in the transit passage provision, as a principle established in international law. This is crucial to ensure continuous and expeditious passage of ships across the strait without barriers or stops. The international law also stipulates the rights and obligations to which coastal states are bound to follow, in accordance to Article 41 of the 1982 United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The provision provides that coastal states may designate sea lanes and prescribe traffic separation schemes for navigation in straits.
ملخص البحث
يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تطبيق مبادئ القانون الدولي المتعلقة بتهديد إيران لإغلاق/حصار مضيق هرمز من خلال استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وسيبرز هذا البحث أهمية مضيق هرمز للملاحة الدولية، خاصة بعد اكتشاف النفط في الخليج الفارسي، واحترام حرية الملاحة المنصوص عليها في نظام المرور العابر، كمبدأ منصوص عليه في القانون الدولي، وهذا أمر بالغ الأهمية لضمان مرور السفن باستمرار وبسرعة عبر المضيق دون حواجز أو توقف، كما ينص القانون الدولي على الحقوق والالتزامات التي تلتزم بها الدول الساحلية، وفقا للمادة (41) من اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار لعام 1982م، وينص الحكم على أنه يجوز للدول الساحلية أن تحدد الممرات البحرية وتحدد مخططات فصل حركة المرور للملاحة في المضائق.
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Oral, Nilufer. 2012. Transit Passage Rights In The Strait Of Hormuz And Iran’s Threats To Block The Passage Of Oil Tankers. The American Society of International Law, Vol. 16, Issue 16.
Orphanos, Cleanthis. 2002. International Straits And Transit Passage Focus On Bosporous And Dardanelles. A Dissertation Submitted To The World Maritime University In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Award Of The Degree Of Master Of Science In Maritime Safety And Environmental Protection (Operational).
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‘Uthman, Khalid Ahmad. 2012. Silah Al-Naft Wa Al-Tahdid Al-Irany Bi Ighlaq Mudiq Hurmuz, Al-Iqtisadiyyah Al-Iliktroniyyah, 8 Yanayir, Al-‘Adad 6663, Mutawaffir ‘Ala Al-Rabit http://www.aleqt.com, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 7/4/2020.
Ratner, Michael. 2018. Iran’s Threats, The Strait Of Hormuz, And Oil Markets: In Brief. Congressional Research Service, August 6.
Suwaylim, Hussam. 2007. Mudiq Hurmuz Fi Bu’rah Al-Sara‘ Al-Irany – Al-Amiriky, Mukhtarat Iraniyyah. Al-Qahirah: Markaz Al-Ahram Li Al-Dirasat Al-Siyasiyyah Wa Al-Istratijiyyah, Al-‘Adad 82.
Wen, Shuang. 2010. The Strait Of Hormuz: A Barometer In The Emerging US-Gulf-China Triangular Relationship. Draft Paper For Association For Asian Studies 2010 Annual Conference.
Al-‘Alakah, Wasam Al-Din. 2011. Al-Nizam Al-Qanuniy Lil Mudiq Al-Dawli: Dirasat Tatbiqiyyah ‘Ala Mudiq Hurmuz Fi Daw’i Ahkam Al-Qanun Al-Dawli. Majallah Dimashq Li Al-‘Ulum Al-‘Iqtisadiyyah Wa Al-Qanuniyyah, Al-Mujallad 27, Al-‘Adad 4
Al-‘Alakah, Wasam Al-Din. 2012. Mudiq Hurmuz Bayna Al-Tahdidat Al-Iraniyyah Wa Mutatallibat Al-Qanun Al-Dawli. Dar Babil Lil Dirasat Wa Al-I‘lam, 22 Yanayir, www.darbabl.net/show_spfile.php?id=425, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 30-4-2020.
‘Amir, Salah Al-Din. 1997. Al-Qanun Al-Dawli Al-Jadid Lil Bahr. Al-Qahirah: Al-Majlis Al-A‘la Lil Thaqafah.
Al-Aqra‘, Mahmoud Muhammad. 2016. Al-Tahdid Al-Irany Bi Ighlaq Mudiq Hurmuz Wa Mada Shar‘iyyatihi Fi Daw’i Ahkam Al-Qanun Al-Dawli. Misr: Al-Majallah Al-Misriyyah Lil Qanun Al-Dawli, Al-Jam‘iyyah Al-Misriyyah Lil Qanun Al-Dawli, Al-‘Adad (72).
Al-‘Awdi, Badariyyah ‘Abd AllAh. 2012. Haq Al-Murur Fi Mudiq Hurmuz Al-Dawli Sha’n Dawly. Majallah Al-Qabs Al-Kuwaytiyyah, Al-‘Adad 13864.
Bagheri, Saeed. 2015. Iran’s Attitude To Security In The Strait Of Hormuz: An International Law Perspective. New Zealand Yearbook of International Law.
Cordesman, Anthony H. 2007. Iran, Oil, And The Strait Of Hormuz. USA: Center For Strategic And International Studies.
Darcini, Ali Akbar. 2012. Iran Threatens Attacks On US Bases In Event Of War. Associated Press, AT Top News Package.
Dolan, Daniel. 2012. Rethinking The Strait Of Hormuz. US Naval Institute Proceedings, 0041798x, Vol. 138, Issue 5.
Al-‘Elwany, Karim Jijan. 2010. Al-Ahammiyyah Al-Juyustratijiyyah Lil Khalij Al-‘Arabiy Wa Athariha Fi Jazb Al-Itma‘ Al-Isti‘mariyyah Ba‘da Al-Harb Al-‘Alamiyyah Al-Thaniyyah. Al-‘Iraq: Majallah Jami‘ah Al-Anbar Li Al-‘Ulum Al-Insaniyyah, ‘Adad 3.
Al-‘Enany, Ibrahim Mahmoud. 1988. Al-Nizam Al-Qanuny Li Mudiq Hurmuz. Al-Qahirah: Majallah Al-‘Ulum Al-Qanuniyyah Wa Al-Iqtisadiyyah, Jami‘ah ‘Ain Shams, Kulliyyah Al-Huquq, Al-‘Adad (1-2).
Expert Group On ATT Implementation. 2015. Prevention, Transit And Innocent Passage Under The EGAI Arms Trade Treaty, Briefing No. 3 – August.
George, Mary. 2002. Transit Passage And Pollution Control In Straits Under The 1982 Law Of The Sea Convention. Ocean Development & International Law, 33.
Al-Ghanimy, Mahmoud Tal‘at. 2010. Al-Qanun Al-Dawli Al-Bahry Fi Ab‘adihi Al-Jadidah. Al-Iskandariyyah, Manshaat Al-Ma‘arif.
Gladstone, Rick. 2011. Noise Level Rises Over Iran Threat To Close Strait Of Hormuz. New York Times, 29 December: PNA From Academic One file.
Al-Hadithi, Khalil Isma‘el. 1994. Tasawwur ‘Arabiy Lil Wad‘e Al-Qanuni Al-Dawli Li Mudiq Hurmuz. Majallah Shu’un ‘Arabiyyah, Al-‘Adad 78.
Hammoud, Muhamamd Al-Hajj. 1981. Al-Nizam Al-Qanuniy Lil Mulahah Fi Mudiq Hurmuz, Nadwah Al-Muwasalat Fi Al-Watan Al-‘Arabiy Fi Al-Salmi Wa Al-Harb. Baghdad: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wahdah Al-‘Arabiyyah.
Ibrahim, ‘Ali. 1977. Al-Qanun Al-Dawli Al-‘Am, Al-Juz'u Al-Thany, Al-Shakhsiyyah Al-Dawliyyah, Al-Iqlim “Al-Bary’u – Al-Bahry – Al-Jawwy". Al-Qaherah: Dar Al-Nahdah Al-‘Arabiyyah.
Ja‘far, Taj Al-Din. 2010. Istratijiyyah Iran Tijah Dawl Al-Khalyj Al-‘Araby. Dimashq: Dar Mussasah Ruslan Lil Tiba‘ah Wa Al-Nashr Wa Al-Tawzi‘.
Al-Kaabi, Mohamed K. 2012. The Strategic Alternatives Of The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Disruption Of Maritime Traffic In The Arabian Gulf As A Result Of Iranian Threats To Close The Strait Of Hormuz. Master Of Arts In National Security Studies, Naval Postgraduate School.
Katzman, Kenneth. 2012. Coordinator, Iran’s Threat To The Strait Of Hormuz. Congressional Research Service, January 23.
Kirchner, Stefan. 2013. The Iranian Threat to Close The Strait Of Hormuz: A Violation Of International Law? Jurisprudence, 20 (2).
L. Schnars, Brenna. 2010. The Idle Threat? An Assessment Of The Economic, Military, And Strategic Consequences Of An Iranian Closure Of The Strait Of Hormuz. Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Master Of Arts In Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa).
La ‘Ammary, ‘Asad. 2016. Al-Tahdidat Al-Iraniyyah Bi Ighlaq Mudiq Hurmuz Amam Al-Mulahah Al-Dawliyyah. Al-Jaza’ir: Majallah Jayl Al-Abhath Al-Qanuniyyah Al-Ma‘maqah, Al-‘Adad (6), Markaz Jayl Al-Abhath Al-‘Ilmy.
Manuel F, Zamora and Linda Ramos Zamora. 2014. The Strait Of Hormuz As A Global And U.S. Security Concern: A Transportation And Maritime Security Case Illustration. Journal of Homeland and National Security Perspectives, Angelo State University Center for Security Studies.
Maqal Bi ‘Unwan Amirika Lan Tasammuh Bi Ta‘til Al-Mulahah Fi Hurmuz, www.albainah.net/, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 1/4/2020.
Mazhar, Anas Majmoud Al-Shaykh. 2011. Iran Fi Mahb Riyh Thawrat Al-Mantiqah, Al-Jardiyyah Al-Kuwaytiyyah, 10 September, Mutawaffir ‘Ala Al-Rabt http://www.albainah.net/index.aspx?function=item&id=42470&lang=, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 7-4-2020.
Najm, ‘Abd Al-Mu‘az ‘Abd Al-Ghaffar. 2011. Mabadi’u Al-Qanun Al-Dawli Al-‘Aam. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Nahdah Al-‘Arabiyyah.
Nasir, ‘Ali Nasir. 2013. Mudiq Hurmuz Wa Al-Sara‘ Al-Amiriky Al-Irany. Bayrut: Dar Al-Farabi.
Oral, Nilufer. 2012. Transit Passage Rights In The Strait Of Hormuz And Iran’s Threats To Block The Passage Of Oil Tankers. The American Society of International Law, Vol. 16, Issue 16.
Orphanos, Cleanthis. 2002. International Straits And Transit Passage Focus On Bosporous And Dardanelles. A Dissertation Submitted To The World Maritime University In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Award Of The Degree Of Master Of Science In Maritime Safety And Environmental Protection (Operational).
‘Uthman, Khalid Ahmad. 2006. Al-Naft Wa Al-Barnamij Al-Nawawy Al-Irany, Al-Iqtisadiyyah Al-Iliktroniyyah, 21 Disember 2006, Al-‘Adad 4819, http://www.aleqt.com, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 5/4/2020.
‘Uthman, Khalid Ahmad. Al-Naft Wa Iran Wa Al-Markaz Al-Qanun Li Mudiq Hurmuz, "Tehran Tahaddad Bi Waqf Tadfaq 17 Milyun Barmyl Min Al-Naft ‘Ibr Al-Khalij", Al-Iqtisadiyyah Al-Iliktroniyyah, Al-‘Adad 4787, www.aleqt.com/article_65506.html?related, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 3/4/2020.
‘Uthman, Khalid Ahmad. 2012. Silah Al-Naft Wa Al-Tahdid Al-Irany Bi Ighlaq Mudiq Hurmuz, Al-Iqtisadiyyah Al-Iliktroniyyah, 8 Yanayir, Al-‘Adad 6663, Mutawaffir ‘Ala Al-Rabit http://www.aleqt.com, Tarikh Al-Dukhul 7/4/2020.
Ratner, Michael. 2018. Iran’s Threats, The Strait Of Hormuz, And Oil Markets: In Brief. Congressional Research Service, August 6.
Suwaylim, Hussam. 2007. Mudiq Hurmuz Fi Bu’rah Al-Sara‘ Al-Irany – Al-Amiriky, Mukhtarat Iraniyyah. Al-Qahirah: Markaz Al-Ahram Li Al-Dirasat Al-Siyasiyyah Wa Al-Istratijiyyah, Al-‘Adad 82.
Wen, Shuang. 2010. The Strait Of Hormuz: A Barometer In The Emerging US-Gulf-China Triangular Relationship. Draft Paper For Association For Asian Studies 2010 Annual Conference.
Published
2021-04-01
How to Cite
Almazrouei, S. S. K. S., Abd Rahman Shah, H., Mohamed Ali, N. F., & Mochammad Sahid, M. (2021). Facing Iran’s Threats Of Closure The Strait Of Hormuz In The Light Of Principles Under International Law. Perdana: International Journal of Academic Research, 10(1), 43-66. Retrieved from http://perdanajournal.com/index.php/perdanajournal/article/view/114
Section
Articles
